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COVID-19

Aerosolization, Endonasal Surgery and the Neurosurgeon

By COVID-19, HealthNo Comments

Neurosurgeons never stop learning. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, previously obscure terms such as airflow and aerosolization — the dispersal of a substance such as medicine or viral particles in the form of an aerosol — have entered our regular lexicon. We can now readily identify which of our operating rooms has the highest airflow — usually the smallest room — and the standard for the minimum number of air exchanges per hour, which is at least 15.

COVID-19 has brought to light a new spectrum of difficulties for neurosurgeons. Of particular concern are increasing reports of significant morbidity and mortality among otolaryngologists in several countries that have been putatively linked to endonasal surgery. Patel and coworkers from Stanford University highlighted this issue in a letter to the editor in Neurosurgery. They urge precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the concern that aerosol droplets coming from surgery may increase the possibility of infection of medical staff in the operating room.

In a reply, Huang and colleagues from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, were able to provide additional information regarding COVID-19 spread. They believe that compared to droplet transmission, contact transmission may be an equally important factor in transmission in medical workers and was ignored during the early stages of the pandemic due to lack of knowledge. They urge washing hands and cleaning all surfaces in patient units and living areas.

The authors also share that they have learned that intraoperative aspirators, protective clothing, N95 masks and face shields can provide sufficient protection to our medical staff in the surgery room. Huang and colleagues warn that the claim that endonasal surgery will increase the possibility of infection of medical personnel in the operating room might provoke unnecessary anxiety toward endonasal endoscopic procedures based on an anecdotal statement.

Patel and collaborators in their rebuttal accept some of these arguments but point out that emerging evidence also points towards a high viral load within the nasal cavity. When performing endoscopic surgery, while working in and through this corridor, surgical maneuvers can aerosolize mucus particles along with the virus.

In a convergence of the scholarly debate, both groups arrive at similar recommendations with an emphasis on preoperative COVID-19 testing, which should be performed whenever possible. Reduced contact with infected patients and the use of personal protective equipment — including N95 masks, face shields and protective clothing — should be employed for all endoscopic cases and all involved personnel. Powered air-purifying respirator use should be encouraged in cases of symptomatic COVID-19-positive patients needing emergent endonasal surgery. A negative pressure operating room is also recommended. Elective endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery should be delayed, and consideration should be given to transcranial approaches for certain locations where possible.

We share the optimism for the future of endonasal surgery as more data comes to light to guide best practices that will maximize its benefit for our patients while minimizing potential risks to surgeons and other operating room personnel.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Clemens M. Schirmer, MD, PhD, FAANS, FAHA
Chair, AANS/CNS Communications and Public Relations Committee
Geisinger
Wilkes Barre, PA

July 13, 2020
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AANS Neurosurgeon Spotlight: The State of Neurosurgical Education

By AANS Spotlight, Burnout, COVID-19, GMENo Comments

Recent global circumstances have had considerable effects on neurosurgery. In the latest articles from AANS Neurosurgeon, the official socioeconomic publication of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), authors discuss the state of neurosurgical education. Practices have taken steps to not only adapt to a multitude of changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but to thrive among them, while helping their patients do the same. Browse the Education issue for a scientific, artistic and realistic view from those tasked with providing and navigating valuable educational experiences during a time when there is no such thing as “normal.”

Article Spotlight

This Crisis is an Opportunity
Lola B. Chambless, MD, FAANS

Dr. Chambless explains how the pandemic has provided an unprecedented opportunity to study, learn and reform.

A Combined Spine Surgery Fellowship
Jason Savage, MD ꟾ Michael P. Steinmetz, MD, FAANS

Discover the makings of a successful spine fellowship – strong leadership, constant re-evaluation and a collaborative surgeon group.

Pen versus Penfield: A Proposed New Training Modality for Neurosurgery Residents
Erin N. D’Agostino, MD

Dr. D’Agostino describes how art “can serve a role in surgical skill building, learning and teaching of anatomy, patient education and combating burnout.”

Read More

Follow @aansneurosurg on Twitter, Instagram and like AANS Neurosurgeon on Facebook!

July 10, 2020
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Neurosurgeons Launch Campaign to Protect Patient Access to Care

By Access to Care, COVID-19, Guest Post, Health Reform, MedicareNo Comments

Our health care system is under extraordinary pressure. The COVID-19 pandemic has created an uncertain financial future for health care professionals. And now, coming on the heels of this devastating pandemic, Medicare is poised to implement drastic cuts. These cuts threaten patients’ access to timely surgical care and may impact the quality of life for the people neurosurgeons care for every day. To help policymakers and the public understand how these payment cuts will hurt patients and their neurosurgical care teams, on June 18, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), along with 10 other national surgical associations, officially launched the Surgical Care Coalition (SCC).

The coalition, which represents more than 150,000 surgeons, was formed to stop these Medicare cuts to protect patients, improve their quality of life and ensure that our nation’s seniors have access to the neurosurgeon of their choice when they need life-saving neurosurgical care. Specifically, the SCC is worried about new Medicare payment policies for office and outpatient visits that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will implement in January 2021. Changes to these visit codes — also known as evaluation and management (E/M) codes — will reduce payments for surgical care, which may lead to reduced access to care for older Americans. Working together, the coalition is putting this issue on the nation’s agenda and is urging Congress to pass legislation that will prevent these payment cuts.

To learn just how fragile our health care system is, the SCC recently commissioned a survey of more than 5,000 surgeons. According to this study, surgical practices are facing severe financial distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the cuts were announced before the pandemic, with the combined impact of the planned CMS cuts and the economic challenges due to COVID-19, surgeons and hospitals will face difficult decisions to keep surgical practices afloat. For neurosurgeons, the survey found that even before the CMS cuts take effect:

  • More than one-half (54%) of respondents are concerned that they could be forced to shut down their practice, limiting choice and access to neurosurgical care;
  • Three-quarters (74%) of neurosurgeons are concerned about the finances of their practice, and to keep the doors open, 38% have cut their own salary, and one-quarter (24%) have taken on debt as a result of COVID-19; and
  • In the face of declining revenues, 86% of respondents are worried that they will have to cut employee’s salaries and 76% fear that they may have to permanently layoff employees.

In announcing the SCC initiative, John A. Wilson, MD, FAANS, president of the AANS, noted that “Neurosurgeons take care of critically ill patients who suffer from painful and life-threatening neurologic conditions such as traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, debilitating degenerative spine disorders and stroke, and without timely neurosurgical care, our patients can face permanent neurologic damage or death. He added, “The planned cuts to Medicare payments will further stress a healthcare system critically affected by the pandemic crisis and may negatively impact Medicare beneficiaries’ access to care.”

Echoing his remarks, Steven N. Kalkanis, MD, FAANS, president of the CNS, stated, “It is essential that policymakers understand how these payment cuts may impact access to surgical care. COVID-19 has placed an unprecedented strain on our health care system, and additional Medicare payment cuts will not only threaten timely access to quality care but will also stress an already fragile health care system.”

Our seniors need to take comfort in the fact that a neurosurgeon will be there if and when they ever require neurosurgical care. Medicare cuts hurt patients, and the Surgical Care Coalition is fighting to prevent payment cuts that threaten patients’ timely access to neurosurgical care.

Editor’s Note: Neurosurgery Blog encourages you to follow the coalition on Twitter and LinkedIn, and we invite you to join the conversation at #CutsHurtPatients.

Katie O. Orrico, Esq., director
AANS/CNS Washington Office

June 24, 2020
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Reflecting on COVID19, the Death of George Floyd and the Need for Change

By COVID-19, Equity, Social JusticeNo Comments

“I want to touch the world.”
George Perry Floyd, Jr.

We are living in trying and turbulent times in our country. A global pandemic has claimed the lives of more than 100,000 people across America and has threatened to overwhelm our health care systems in some of the worst affected areas. On top of this health crisis, we are now facing the greatest civil unrest our country has experienced in over 50 years in response to a recent series of tragic deaths of black men and women — the cataclysmic event being the deplorable death of George P. Floyd, Jr. while in police custody.

While we look to our politicians for the political answers that will heal the strife in our country, we are all struggling with our personal feelings and response to these events. It has been extremely heartening, however, to see the expression and renewed commitment to inclusion and diversity, particularly within the medical community.

As voices cry out across the world underscoring the systemic problems of racism and inequality, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) have joined the chorus speaking out against all forms of discrimination and acts of violence — particularly that which is driven by intolerance and hatred. We reaffirm our commitment to inclusion and diversity. We reflect on the past and the messages of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. And we listen to our Black and Brown colleagues who provide a uniquely pertinent perspective on these issues, and we are thankful for their leadership and willingness to speak out.

We hope our readers will be inspired by the words of our colleagues from across the medical profession, which are reposted below in this piece. Millions around the world were horrified in disbelief at the killing of an unarmed man in police custody. As individuals and together as a society, we owe it to George Floyd and countless others to not let his death be in vain and to work to seek lasting change to stamp out racism, inequality and violence. We encourage you all to engage your patients, your colleagues and your communities in discussions as to how we can help heal our country and care for all who need us, including our most vulnerable.

In addition to the above message from the AANS and CNS, neurosurgeons and neurosurgical organizations spoke out.

A group of Black neurosurgeons who came together to publish an OpEd pointed out that as neuroscientists and surgeons, they see firsthand the effects of neurotrauma on those subjected to violence at especially alarming rates in the Black community. From the debilitating effects of blunt and penetrating trauma to the brain and spine to the “intangible neuropsychological effects stemming from fearing for one’s life on a daily basis,” there “is a slow but inevitable erosion of the state of health amongst Black people… This has culminated in a public health crisis shortening not only the lives of too many too early but diminishing the quality of life of those who remain to bear it.”

Reflecting on the shocking video depicting the death of George Floyd, neurosurgeon Fredric B. Meyer, MD, FAANS, the Juanita Kious Waugh Executive Dean for Education of the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science and dean of the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, wrote to all medical students, residents and fellows. In his letter, Dr. Meyer reminded us “that although our country has made tremendous advances in civil and human rights, we all have significant work to do on so many levels to fight hatred, bigotry, and violence.” He recalled how Bobby Kennedy was one of his family’s heroes and how, as U.S. Attorney General, he was a strong advocate for civil rights. Dr. Meyer went on to note that in this time of terrible strife, anger, mistrust and hatred in our country, he is reminded of a powerful speech that Bobby Kennedy gave spontaneously on the back of a pickup truck when he learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. He, along with his brother, President John F. Kennedy, and Dr. King, were all assassinated for the truth they spoke about human decency, civil rights, and a humane society. Dr. Meyer commends to the medical community the YouTube video of Bobby Kennedy announcing Dr. King’s death and to also listen to his speech on humanity, mindless violence and affirmation. His words are as relevant today as they were decades ago, and, as Dr. Meyer aptly stated, it is distressing that fifty years later, the same hatred that killed Dr. King continues to be pervasive in our society.

Leaders of the Society of Neurological Surgeons (SNS) — M. Sean Grady, MD, FAANS, president; Karin M. Muraszko, MD, FAANS, past-president; and Nathan R. Selden, MD, PhD, secretary — wrote to SNS members, neurosurgery department chairs and neurosurgical residency directors. In their message, they called on “educators to exemplify the highest moral and ethical standards for our trainees.” They noted that as educators and leaders in neurosurgery, we must ensure “that the American principles of fair and equal treatment for all are the bedrock of our Neurosurgical community.” Reaffirming a commitment to be “an inclusive organization reflective of the ‘higher’ principles,” they pledged “to grow and adapt and to listen to those we educate and those we serve. Although we may not have walked in their shoes, we will remain open to the knowledge and experience of every colleague and trainee and will respect and acknowledge them for their character and skills rather than for their appearance. Like our society, we believe we can continue to grow towards a more perfect union of our ideals and the reality in which we live,” and to strive together to reach higher ground.

The AANS/CNS Cerebrovascular Section, the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS) and the Society of Vascular & Interventional Neurology (SVIN) joined together to issue a statement acknowledging the difficult and disturbing times that the country is experiencing. These neurovascular organizations pointed out that “acts of violence and racism cause psychosocial stress that leads to poor well-being and cerebrovascular health, especially for communities of color. Given that heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death for communities of color, our organizations are extremely disturbed by violent acts that cut to the core of the lives in our communities. We denounce the incidents of racism and all violence that continue to ravage our communities.”

Beyond the neurosurgical community, leading national medical organizations also spoke out.

The American College of Surgeons stated that it “stands in solidarity against racism, violence, and intolerance, noting that its “mission is to serve all with skill and fidelity, and that extends beyond the operating room. Racism, brutal attacks, and subsequent violence must end. We will help any injured, and we will use our voice in support of the health and safety of every person.”

Leaders from the American Medical Association (AMA) reminded us that AMA policy “recognizes that physical or verbal violence between law enforcement officers and the public, particularly among Black and Brown communities where these incidents are more prevalent and pervasive, is a critical determinant of health and supports research into the public health consequences of these violent interactions.”  The AMA continued, noting that the “disparate racial impact of police violence against Black and Brown people and their communities is insidiously viral-like in its frequency, and also deeply demoralizing… Just as the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color has put into stark relief health inequity in the U.S.”

Finally, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) pointed out that “the coronavirus pandemic has laid bare the racial health inequities harming our Black communities, exposing the structures, systems, and policies that create social and economic conditions that lead to health disparities, poor health outcomes, and lower life expectancy.” The AAMC statement goes on to address how the brutal and shocking deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery “have shaken our nation to its core and once again tragically demonstrated the everyday danger of being Black in America.” Issuing a call to action, the AAMC expresses that “as healers and educators of the next generation of physicians and scientists, the people of America’s medical schools and teaching hospitals bear the responsibility to ameliorate factors that negatively affect the health of our patients and communities: poverty, education, access to transportation, healthy food, and health care.”

The AANS and CNS echo this call to action and concur that we “must move from rhetoric to action to eliminate the inequities in our care, research, and education of tomorrow’s doctors.”

Editor’s Note: Neurosurgery Blog invites you to join the conversation for social change at #WhiteCoatsforBlackLives and #ChangeTheSystem.

 

John A. Wilson, MD, FAANS
President, American Association of Neurological Surgeons
David L. and Sally Kelly Professor and Vice-Chair of the
Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine

 

 

Steven N. Kalkanis, MD, FAANS
President, Congress of Neurological Surgeons
Chief Executive Officer, Henry Ford Medical Group
Detroit, Mich.

June 10, 2020
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COVID-19 and Prevalence of Stroke: Making Sense of the Data

By COVID-19, Health, StrokeNo Comments

The current COVID-19 pandemic has been a singular event with far-reaching societal and medical ramifications. The enormity of the crisis and the alacrity of its spread across the globe has led to a rapidly evolving understanding of the disease. Current knowledge of the pandemic and the effect of the virus on the human body may become obsolete by week’s end. The COVID-19 crisis’s impact on the care of stroke patients is emblematic of these issues. Over the past few months, several data points have emerged that have been interpreted in divergent ways.

For example, early on, there was speculation from New York City — one of the regions hardest hit by COVID-19 — that COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of fatal ischemic stroke in young adults. Several physicians from New York authored a report of their experience with five stroke patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, aged 33 to 49. This study received significant attention in both the press and academic journals. We currently understand COVID-19 to be a mild disease in most people. However, occasionally it progresses to a more severe process, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction, cytokine storm, inflammation, coagulation and death. Coagulopathy and vascular endothelial dysfunction have been proposed as complications of COVID-19. Although the authors shed light on the clinical characteristics of young adults with these two pathologies, they were not able to explain the possible association between stroke and COVID-19 fully.

On the contrary, several researchers have indicated a decreased incidence of ischemic stroke across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. The drop in the rate of stroke presentations has been so dramatic that various medical societies and advocacy groups have issued statements urging patients not to delay stroke care out of fear of being exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. While this a plausible explanation for the decreased incidence of stroke during the height of the pandemic, we believe it may be too early to tell whether this is, in fact, the case.

Another data point suggests that patients are seeking care for stroke symptoms in a delayed fashion, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Most stroke experts have attributed this phenomenon of “vanishing strokes and heart attacks” to the unwillingness of patients to be exposed to COVID-19 in an already overwhelmed emergency room. By contrast, researchers from Italy have hypothesized a pathophysiologic mechanism behind the decreased incidence of stroke in COVID-19 patients based on the controversial role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) — a protein involved in inflammation — in stroke. There is experimental evidence that IL-6 — which is elevated in patients with more severe forms of COVID-19 — has a neuroprotective effect and enhances angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). Another possible explanation offered is the thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts) encountered in patients even with mild cases of COVID-19, as low platelet levels may prevent the formation of large clots in the intracranial circulation. Lastly, the widespread mitigation measures, which have minimized the prevalence of influenza in the community, may have attenuated the typical negative impact of the flu on cardiovascular disease and stroke. Further research into the effects of these various associations is warranted.

In these times of crisis, we remain dedicated to offering the highest level of care for stroke patients focusing on the following principles:

  • Clear identification of Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSCs), which can offer all stroke-related services even during the pandemic;
  • Information for emergency medical services and the public that CSCs will be protected and will remain fully operational during crises; and
  • Education for health professionals and the public — especially those who are at high risk of stroke — leading to early recognition of stroke symptoms and contacting emergency medical services immediately to be taken to a CSC to avoid significant delays in transferring patients between hospitals.

A full picture of how COVID-19 influences the phenotype, incidence, and demographics of acute ischemic stroke patients has yet to emerge and may not for many months. Until then, it remains paramount to focus on measurable outcomes and continue to leverage the proven components of our stroke system of care to the benefit of our patients. Education — as was emphasized throughout May’s National Stroke Awareness Month — needs to continue and must be the cornerstone of engagement of the health care system with the public to reassure that we are able and ready to take care of our patients safely.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Kimon Bekelis, MD
Vice-chair, AANS/CNS Communications and Public Relations Committee
Director of the Stroke & Brain Aneurysm Center and co-director of the Neuro ICU at Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center
Chairman, Neurointerventional Services at Catholic Health Services of Long Island
Director, Population Health Research Institute of New York at CHSLI
Assistant Professor, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice
West Islip, N.Y.

Clemens M. Schirmer, MD, PhD, FAANS, FAHA
Chair, AANS/CNS Communications and Public Relations Committee
Geisinger
Wilkes Barre, Pa.

June 8, 2020
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Stroke Month: Continued Progress in Research and Patient Care

By COVID-19, Faces of Neurosurgery, Guest Post, HealthOne Comment

On average, someone in the U.S. has a stroke every 40 seconds. Acute ischemic stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in the U.S. and around the world. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that in 2016 there were 5.5 million deaths attributable to cerebrovascular disease worldwide — 2.7 million of those deaths were from ischemic stroke. May is National Stroke Awareness Month and provides the opportunity to remember patients who are survivors of this dreaded disease and highlight the physicians and researchers at the forefront of progress to improve care and outcomes in stroke.

Over the last five years, there have been significant advancements in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion (LVO). LVO is an especially disabling form of ischemic stroke because a large territory of brain tissue and function is typically affected. Five landmark clinical trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2015 and 2016 (MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, EXTEND IA, SWIFT PRIME, and REVASCAT) all demonstrated overwhelming benefit for mechanical thrombectomy for LVO. In summary, the studies suggested that only three patients need to be treated with thrombectomy to improve the functional outcome of one patient (number needed to treat (NNT) of 3). This makes mechanical thrombectomy one of the most effective treatments not only in stroke but in all of medicine. The AHA quickly amended its guidelines to recommend thrombectomy for ischemic stroke patients. However, the recommendation was reserved for a select number of indications, including:

  • occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments of the cerebrovascular tree;
  • those who had received intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (TPA);
  • those with good baseline functional status; and
  • those being treated within 6 hours of symptom onset.

These were significant steps in the right direction; however, there are still many patients who fall outside these indications which might benefit from mechanical thrombectomy.

Since then, indications for thrombectomy have expanded. In 2019, two additional trials were published in the New England Journal of Medicine (DAWN and DEFUSE3) that demonstrated similar positive outcomes in select patients being treated up to 24 hours from symptom onset. Research to establish the role of thrombectomy in several other groups of patients is ongoing, including studies involving:

  • pediatric patients;
  • the elderly;
  • more distal occlusions in the cerebrovascular tree;
  • posterior circulation occlusions;
  • patients with mild stroke symptoms despite evidence of large vessel occlusion; and
  • other conditions.

There remains much to learn about this powerful treatment, and hopefully, the indications for mechanical thrombectomy will continue to expand.

Another active area of research is the improvement in stroke care delivery. Researchers are developing new systems to administer care for stroke patients as quickly and efficiently as possible. Emergency medical services (EMS) and stroke triage systems are being redesigned, often across hospital systems. In some cases, the stroke care team is coming to the patient rather than the patient to the team. In other cases, patients with a high likelihood of LVO bypass closer primary stroke centers and are brought to comprehensive stroke centers for thrombectomy. Artificial intelligence-based tools help identify and select patients earlier for these advanced therapies. New diagnostic tools are being developed that can be utilized by EMS providers in the field. Robotic mechanical thrombectomy and the potential of tele-mechanical thrombectomy are exciting advances on the horizon.

Finally, stroke, large vessel occlusions and mechanical thrombectomy have become an area of interest amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence is emerging from epicenters of the crisis — like New York City — that patients, whether afflicted with COVID-19 or not, are seeking medical attention later in their stroke course due to fears regarding COVID-19. We expect many studies to be published in the ensuing months evaluating stroke and mechanical thrombectomy in COVID-19 patients. We are excited about what the future holds in cutting edge research to bring the best available care to stroke patients everywhere.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Justin R. Mascitelli, MD
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
St. Luke’s Baptist Hospital
San Antonio, Texas

 

 

Clemens M. Schirmer, MD, PhD, FAANS, FAHA
Chair, AANS/CNS Communications and Public Relations Committee
Geisinger
Wilkes Barre, PA

May 29, 2020
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Providing Comfort and Mercy: The U.S. Military’s COVID-19 Response Effort

By COVID-19, Guest Post, Health, Military Faces of NeurosurgeryNo Comments

Editor’s Note: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, neurosurgeons have helped bring aid and comfort to neurosurgical patients and those suffering from the novel coronavirus. Today, on Memorial Day, we wish to salute the efforts of the men and women serving in our U.S. Military, who, too, have provided comfort and mercy during this national emergency. On this day and always, you have our unwavering gratitude for your dedication and service.

I’ve been asked to comment about my experience mobilized in the military reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. I do so without named authorship secondary to the fact that the mission is ongoing, and the focus should be on a genuinely profound group effort.

Bluntly, the United States military responded in a big way with a large and immediate tri-service response. It’s truly been incredible to see, and it’s been an honor to play a very small part. Nearly 1,600 U.S. Navy Selected Reserve Sailors have deployed globally to fight COVID-19.

The U.S. Navy has developed a neurosurgery presence on both the United States Naval Ship (USNS) Comfort and the USNS Mercy. The USNS Comfort has aided the effort in New York City while the USNS Mercy has helped in Los Angeles. Both undertook evolving missions to best help the civilian hospitals. The mission morphed as necessary from off-loading non-COVID-19 patients, to acting as a trauma and emergency surgery center, to ultimately focusing on treating COVID-19 patients. The leadership has been adaptive to the needs of the community. There are a lot of good people who are doing very impactful things with both missions. Navy Reserve neurosurgeons aided in neurosurgical coverage and general surgical call responsibilities on each of the ships with excellent mentorship from their active-duty counterparts as well as the Navy Reserve neurosurgery specialty leader.

The United States Army has also helped create a field hospital at the Javits Center with an ideal maximum capacity of up to 2,500 beds. This was mostly to off-load more stable patients with COVID-19, but the facility also had intensive care unit (ICU) capabilities. The Navy Reserve Expeditionary Medical Force Bethesda supported the medical relief efforts at the Javits Federal Medical Station with a top to bottom 400 sailor hospital staff unit. There was no neurosurgery occurring at the Javits Center, as the focus was on COVID-19. Other similar sites throughout the U.S. were also established.

Other Navy Reserve doctors and nurses are embedded into the New York City public city hospitals that have been decimated with COVID-19. Navy Reserve doctors and nurses are joining their civilian counterparts in treating COVID-19 patients in hospitals where they are most needed. Many are acting in new and expanded roles due to the dramatically increased ICU needs. The shortage does not call for additional neurosurgeons to perform neurosurgery but for additional coverage in overflowing ICUs. These are very sick patients, and neurosurgeons have a tremendous possibility to do some good within this structure. As our medical critical care colleagues take a pounding, neurosurgeons are very comfortable in the ICU, in treating critical patients, in dealing with mortality and in leading large health care teams to make pragmatic, direct and impactful decisions. Indeed, the Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) issued guidelines to help neurosurgeons managing COVID-19 ICUs. The Navy has been tremendous in organizing teams across multiple specialties to do just that work.

Neurosurgeons who no longer desire the ICU could also consider joining their hospital’s prone team to help flip acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) type patients with COVID-19 throughout the hospital. These teams generally travel from unit to unit to supine and prone the sickest of the respiratory patients in the hospital. Anesthesiologists head these teams due to airway concerns, but they also include orthopaedic, spine and other surgical specialists comfortable in positioning complex patients. It is truly a service that makes a tangible difference when managing these patients within the ICU.

It goes without saying that service in the Navy Reserve rests upon the service of others. Colleagues back home have taken additional emergency call, increased their workload and served the local community in similar ways. Even more so, spouses have to work overtime at home, especially those with small children and those juggling their own virtual careers. Multiple people have come together in numerous ways to serve the people of New York City. And, the welcome in New York City has been one of deep gratitude both inside and outside the hospital.

The objective impact of the Navy Medical Response Team will be measured in patients treated, intubations and central lines. However, the subjective impact has been even more important. The military members here have truly made a difference fighting an invisible enemy.

*This is the author’s opinion only and in no way reflects the thoughts or opinions of anyone else in the United States Navy. It does not represent the official policy of the United States Navy, the Department of Defense or the United States Government.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

May 25, 2020
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Life as a Medical Student During the COVID-19 Pandemic

By COVID-19, Faces of Neurosurgery, Guest Post, HealthNo Comments

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused sweeping systemic changes to the landscape of medicine and society as a whole in the few short months since the virus arose. The pandemic has impacted all medical specialties, and those still in training have experienced significant disruptions to their education. Medical schools were quick to respond to the spread of the virus to keep medical students safe. The first warnings from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (URSMD) administration came in early March — students were informed that those who intended to travel during spring break might be required to quarantine upon their return. At the time, the magnitude of the impending pandemic was unknown, and social distancing measures were still on the horizon.

Initially, physical classes were canceled until late March, by which time any students who had traveled to a COVID-19 hotspot would have completed a 14-day quarantine. The plan was to resume regular classes and clinical experiences following this disruption. However, it became clear within a matter of weeks that this would be impossible. For the safety of students, faculty and patients, it was eventually decided that all physical classes and clinical experiences would be canceled for the foreseeable future. Students at all levels were placed in an uncertain position as it became increasingly clear that in-person learning would not be possible for the remainder of the year. This uncertainty fostered fear and anxiety among students — many of whom were also dealing with the stress regarding their safety and that of friends and family.

For preclinical students like myself, we have been utilizing remote learning for the remainder of the year, which has been a significant disruption to our training. In particular, clinical learning has been impaired due to the difficulty of mastering medical history taking and physical exam techniques over Zoom instead of in-person practice with classmates and standardized patients. Another challenge has been coordinating exam proctoring for students who are in different time zones. Some students who have been planning summer research at other institutions or projects involving clinical or volunteer work have had their plans canceled.

Second-year students have been particularly concerned about the logistics of their upcoming United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 exams, given that social distancing measures preclude the use of physical test sites. Third-year students have been unable to complete their clinical rotations and have experienced considerable stress due to the ongoing uncertainty in scheduling away rotations for their fourth year. Fourth-year students have had their graduation and Match Day celebrations converted to online events. Graduation has also been moved up. Depending on their specialty of choice, some newly minted physicians have been called upon to begin their residency training early to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many student doctors have been frustrated because they are unable to contribute to patient care during this crisis. It has been challenging to find ways to help without potentially compromising patient safety. Despite these challenges, medical students at all levels and from all over the country have stepped up to do what they can to support the medical community during this crisis. During the initial stages of the pandemic, students volunteered their time to provide childcare for physicians called to the front lines and organized efforts to produce personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers. Additionally, students have made an effort to publicize clinical trials that need healthy volunteers, and the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) has initiated a program to recruit volunteer lab techs to help with COVID-19 research. The administration at URSMD has also sent out a request for medical student volunteers who might be called upon to assist in patient transport, ventilator preparation, and supply transport, as well as serving as respiratory care assistants if needed.

Medical education faces challenges moving forward. At this time, it is unclear when or if in-person education can resume. There have already been substantial efforts to promote methods of distance learning for medical students and residents, including Zoom-based lectures and an increased emphasis on online resources. However, this leaves something to be desired for hands-on clinical education, which does not lend itself well to remote learning. It is not clear when clinical rotations can be safely resumed, or when students will once again be able to schedule away rotations. The uncertainty surrounding away rotations is of particular concern for those students who are preparing to apply to residency in the coming year. It also remains to be seen how this crisis will affect the residency match process in the future. Many students have also had research or volunteering opportunities canceled due to the pandemic, and the future of USMLE board exams remains in doubt for the time being.

As a whole, medical educators and students have risen to the challenge of COVID-19. Medical educators have dedicated extra time and effort to minimize disruptions and to maximize students’ learning experience. Many medical students have helped their communities wherever possible and are responding admirably to the unprecedented disturbance in their education. Reactions like these foster hope that both students and educators will continue to work tirelessly to respond to crises as they arise.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Stephen Susa
First-year Medical Student
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

May 22, 2020
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COVID-19 and Neurosurgical Training: Impact on the Next Generation of Neurosurgeons (Part II)

By COVID-19, Faces of Neurosurgery, GME, Guest PostNo Comments

What started as a brief segment on the evening news has consumed our daily lives as COVID-19 spreads across the globe. As health care facilities became inundated with critically ill patients, the nation’s intensivists, internists, emergency medicine physicians, nurses and respiratory therapists took to the front lines to fight this invisible enemy. With years of education behind us and at the cusp of the most significant health crisis in recent history, many residents are apprehensive of the future. What would be our role? Would we have adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and critical care supplies to care for the sick? How can we keep ourselves and families safe?

Life in neurosurgery changed in step with the sweeping changes across the medical community, necessitated by potential supply shortages and increased patient volume. As social distancing took effect, the coveted morning sign-out — the bedrock of day-to-day functioning of a busy neurosurgery service — was transitioned to video conferencing. Next was the cancellation of all elective cases, then semi-urgent cases, and eventually, in some hospitals, emergency cases could only be performed after chair/faculty committee approval. Clinic visits were canceled if deemed non-urgent or conducted as telemedicine visits to provide care while limiting disease spread. To protect residents from unnecessary exposure and maintain a reserve, call schedules were changed to limit the number of residents seeing consults at one time or available for cases. As these changes were implemented, unprecedented collaboration, flexibility and ingenuity was prevalent as everyone did their part to ensure care remained as safe and effective as possible.

All neurosurgery residents have been affected. The junior residents, who spend the majority of their time seeing consults in high exposure environments such as the emergency department, saw a significant decrease in volume. Many patients with non-life-threatening concerns were now staying home or triaged appropriately to outpatient follow up. When patients did require evaluation, proper PPE was a necessity, and focused examinations were performed with as minimal patient contact as possible to ascertain the most clinically actionable portions of the exam. The workup of neurosurgical patients was done with an extreme focus on critical data and imaging, necessitating a thoughtful and evolving approach in a resource-constrained environment. For off-call, junior residents, residency experience changed even more dramatically, with potential operating room time virtually eliminated in most programs and off service rotations as neuropathology or neuroradiology postponed. Junior residents turned towards productivity in different areas, such as pursuing research opportunities and reviewing neurosurgical literature. For many residents affected by the cancellation of the written portion of the American Board of Neurological Surgery board exam, the additional study time was a welcome opportunity for further preparation.

Senior residents, who traditionally spend the majority of their time operating or developing the next steps of their career, saw their world go on pause. Interviews for fellowships and jobs were delayed or canceled altogether. Apprehension about how these changes will affect the significant drop in case volumes has compounded their future. At our institution, there was a 95-100% reduction in weekly cases as compared to January of 2020. As a department, we implemented a weekly review of cases that were considered urgent, to identify the few that should be done. Difficult discussions involved patients without emergent indications for surgical intervention — including those with myelopathy, radiculopathy or brain tumors. Alternative treatments and management considerations were instituted as temporizing measures while maintaining close communication with these patients. This case review considered not only the patient’s course without surgery, but also the likelihood of the patient utilizing an ICU bed post-operatively, or the risk to their health if they were to contract COVID-19 during hospitalization.

Operative times increased as the operative team was required to vacate the operating room for a designated period during intubation and extubation to lower transmission risk. Universal testing protocols have been implemented to save valuable PPE and time. Room cleaning and turn-over times also increased. Operating room availability diminished in some institutions as anesthesia machines were utilized as ventilators, and the rooms turned into makeshift ICUs to cope with the surge of patients. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education began accepting COVID-19 patient management as approved cases to accommodate the drop in operative cases nationwide.

While not always called to the front lines, neurosurgical residents across the country sought ways to utilize their unique skillsets to help their colleagues and patients during this crisis. Using the spirit of innovation and ingenuity, some developed projects to 3D print ventilator parts, testing swabs or respirators. Others devised ways to manufacture face shields and other protective devices. The surgical suturing skillset took a twist as neurosurgical services turned to produce homemade masks from cloth and HEPA air filters. Others used COVID-19 webinars to increase their critical care skillset in preparation for possible time on the frontlines.

Neurosurgical education has also been altered. Traditional teaching methods have been abandoned for digitization. Much like the broader educational system, neurosurgery responded with unification over video platforms. Journal clubs offer opportunities to share screens and materials. Morbidity and mortality conferences continued via a secure connection. National organizations such as the Congress of Neurological Surgeons expanded their education platform to include virtual visiting professors and webinars. Information sharing through social media platforms have triggered unprecedented opportunities to communicate and learn with both the national and global neurosurgery community.

The future remains uncertain for now. While there is talk of restrictions being eased in some parts of the globe, the U.S. still has difficult days ahead. We are grateful to the intensivists, internists, emergency medicine physicians, nurses and respiratory therapists who are bearing the brunt of this war. They are the true heroes. The silver lining of this experience is what we have learned about ourselves and what we have achieved with our ingenuity.

As will be the case in other specialties, telemedicine has shown its utility in neurosurgery and is here to stay. Although lacking the personal connection many of us hold sacred, telemedicine has proved to be a suitable alternative for patients in rural settings with long travel distances or those with debilitating conditions that make travel a stressful experience. This creates new opportunities to provide highly specialized neurosurgical care from a central location with patient experience and convenience at the forefront. Virtual video meetings have changed how we share information, collaborate on research and learn. The ability to 3D print ventilator parts and PPE has shown us the promise of technology. With time, the focus will shift away from the needs of the pandemic and to newfound innovations with relevance to neurosurgery. As a profession will come out from this with a renewed focus on the improvement of patient care.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Redi Rahmani, MD
PGY-4 Neurosurgery Resident
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, N.Y.

 

 

Nathaniel R. Ellens, MD
PGY-2 Neurosurgery Resident
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, N.Y.

 

 

Tyler M. Schmidt, DO
PGY-7 Neurosurgery Resident
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, N.Y.

May 20, 2020
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COVID-19 and Neurosurgical Training: Impact on the Next Generation of Neurosurgeons (Part I)

By COVID-19, Faces of Neurosurgery, Guest Post, HealthNo Comments

In early March, our neurosurgery team at Mount Sinai Medical Center noticed a handful of COVID-19 cases admitted to our medical intensive care unit (MICU), which is just down the hall from the neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU). The daily news from Asia and Europe was certainly not encouraging, but we proceeded with our normal routine — morning rounds, surgery and academic conference.

Then, for one-week, cases of COVID-19 filled the MICU. Shortly after that, our neurosurgical step-down — followed by the neurosurgical ICU — were rapidly converted into negative pressure rooms for COVID-19 patients. That same week, our hospital system placed a hold on all elective, non-emergent surgeries. By Friday, March 20, at a time when there were 7,102 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in New York (with 46 deaths), Governor Andrew M. Cuomo ordered all non-essential businesses closed and their employees to stay home. The following day, our department leadership held an emergency town hall video conference discussing a re-organization of the department. As of the writing of this article, our 18-bed neurosurgical ICU is at double capacity and frequently caring for more than 40 critically ill, ventilated COVID-19 patients every day — accounting for new admissions, discharges and mortalities.

As health care providers and citizens of New York City, my colleagues and I have witnessed our home become the U.S. epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic — surpassing all other regions in terms of the number of confirmed cases and deaths. What has transpired over a month here in New York City has completely shifted the way we provide health care — in general, as well as the practice neurosurgery — and how we learn as resident physicians.

There has been a city-wide diversion of health care resources to care for critically ill patients with COVID-19. From the conversion in operating rooms and post-anesthesia care units (PACUs) to ICUs, to the transition of neurocritical care faculty and providers to staff these units, all have led to a shift in focus for residents of neurosurgery. With elective surgeries on hold, our daily routines have changed dramatically. In addition to caring for neurosurgical emergencies, many residents have assumed a greater role in providing critical care — staff both the neurosurgical and respiratory ICUs. This has meant — particularly for more senior residents and neurosurgical attendings — a deep dive into critical care medicine, ventilator management and the latest therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. One piece of expertise that neurosurgery residents can bring to the respiratory ICU is turning patients into the prone position. This maneuver can salvage some patients with significant respiratory compromise. One commonality for all health care providers during this time is the feeling of being outside one’s zone of comfort. Whether this takes the form of a neurosurgical resident staffing the respiratory ICU or a general sense of uncertainty over when this crisis will end, this unified sensation has led to individual and interpersonal growth.

During this time, neurosurgeons have also witnessed the redefinition of a neurosurgical emergency. As providers, we have had to make difficult decisions on both ends of the emergency spectrum — for example, from purely elective spine surgery to active herniating discs. In the current pandemic, physicians worldwide have been needed to decide which COVID-19 patients should not be intubated, given their overall poor prognosis to save the ventilator for a patient with a better chance of a good outcome. We have had to discuss end-of-life care with certain neurosurgical patients who, in other times, would be surgical candidates. Non-emergent but urgent surgeries, including brain tumors, have been pushed back for months — another indirect consequence of COVID-19 that may significantly affect a patient’s overall outcome.

Despite a lack of standard surgical experience, neurosurgical residents have continued to learn during this crisis. Beyond the critical care knowledge, we continue to have didactic sessions, with one significant change — video conferencing. To uphold the sanctity of social distancing, we have been logging in from separate computers in distant locations to participate. We are fortunate to be able to continue our didactic learning. At the same time, our colleagues in internal medicine and other specialties beleaguered by the present pandemic, do not have the capacity for anything besides direct patient care.

Beyond these changes to the health care landscape, we in New York City have experienced an incredible shift in the mentality of daily life. The defining features of the “City That Never Sleeps” — restaurants, subways, cultural landmarks — have been shut down. However, the New York City spirit continues to thrive. We have seen an outpouring of philanthropy, from donations of handmade personal protective equipment (PPE) to deliveries of meals to entire medical units. Like other cities around the world, every night at 7 p.m., one can hear clapping and cheering from apartments and skyscrapers city-wide, an homage to the essential personnel and health care workers keeping New York City on its feet and preparing for a successful emergence in time.

Editor’s note: We hope that you will share what you learn from our posts. We invite you to be part of the conversation on Twitter by following and using the hashtag #COVID19.

Kurt A. Yaeger, MD
Mount Sinai Medical Center
New York, N.Y.

May 18, 2020
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