“I want to touch the world.”
George Perry Floyd, Jr.
We are living in trying and turbulent times in our country. A global pandemic has claimed the lives of more than 100,000 people across America and has threatened to overwhelm our health care systems in some of the worst affected areas. On top of this health crisis, we are now facing the greatest civil unrest our country has experienced in over 50 years in response to a recent series of tragic deaths of black men and women — the cataclysmic event being the deplorable death of George P. Floyd, Jr. while in police custody.
While we look to our politicians for the political answers that will heal the strife in our country, we are all struggling with our personal feelings and response to these events. It has been extremely heartening, however, to see the expression and renewed commitment to inclusion and diversity, particularly within the medical community.
As voices cry out across the world underscoring the systemic problems of racism and inequality, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) have joined the chorus speaking out against all forms of discrimination and acts of violence — particularly that which is driven by intolerance and hatred. We reaffirm our commitment to inclusion and diversity. We reflect on the past and the messages of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. And we listen to our Black and Brown colleagues who provide a uniquely pertinent perspective on these issues, and we are thankful for their leadership and willingness to speak out.
We hope our readers will be inspired by the words of our colleagues from across the medical profession, which are reposted below in this piece. Millions around the world were horrified in disbelief at the killing of an unarmed man in police custody. As individuals and together as a society, we owe it to George Floyd and countless others to not let his death be in vain and to work to seek lasting change to stamp out racism, inequality and violence. We encourage you all to engage your patients, your colleagues and your communities in discussions as to how we can help heal our country and care for all who need us, including our most vulnerable.
In addition to the above message from the AANS and CNS, neurosurgeons and neurosurgical organizations spoke out.
A group of Black neurosurgeons who came together to publish an OpEd pointed out that as neuroscientists and surgeons, they see firsthand the effects of neurotrauma on those subjected to violence at especially alarming rates in the Black community. From the debilitating effects of blunt and penetrating trauma to the brain and spine to the “intangible neuropsychological effects stemming from fearing for one’s life on a daily basis,” there “is a slow but inevitable erosion of the state of health amongst Black people… This has culminated in a public health crisis shortening not only the lives of too many too early but diminishing the quality of life of those who remain to bear it.”
Reflecting on the shocking video depicting the death of George Floyd, neurosurgeon Fredric B. Meyer, MD, FAANS, the Juanita Kious Waugh Executive Dean for Education of the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science and dean of the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, wrote to all medical students, residents and fellows. In his letter, Dr. Meyer reminded us “that although our country has made tremendous advances in civil and human rights, we all have significant work to do on so many levels to fight hatred, bigotry, and violence.” He recalled how Bobby Kennedy was one of his family’s heroes and how, as U.S. Attorney General, he was a strong advocate for civil rights. Dr. Meyer went on to note that in this time of terrible strife, anger, mistrust and hatred in our country, he is reminded of a powerful speech that Bobby Kennedy gave spontaneously on the back of a pickup truck when he learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. He, along with his brother, President John F. Kennedy, and Dr. King, were all assassinated for the truth they spoke about human decency, civil rights, and a humane society. Dr. Meyer commends to the medical community the YouTube video of Bobby Kennedy announcing Dr. King’s death and to also listen to his speech on humanity, mindless violence and affirmation. His words are as relevant today as they were decades ago, and, as Dr. Meyer aptly stated, it is distressing that fifty years later, the same hatred that killed Dr. King continues to be pervasive in our society.
Leaders of the Society of Neurological Surgeons (SNS) — M. Sean Grady, MD, FAANS, president; Karin M. Muraszko, MD, FAANS, past-president; and Nathan R. Selden, MD, PhD, secretary — wrote to SNS members, neurosurgery department chairs and neurosurgical residency directors. In their message, they called on “educators to exemplify the highest moral and ethical standards for our trainees.” They noted that as educators and leaders in neurosurgery, we must ensure “that the American principles of fair and equal treatment for all are the bedrock of our Neurosurgical community.” Reaffirming a commitment to be “an inclusive organization reflective of the ‘higher’ principles,” they pledged “to grow and adapt and to listen to those we educate and those we serve. Although we may not have walked in their shoes, we will remain open to the knowledge and experience of every colleague and trainee and will respect and acknowledge them for their character and skills rather than for their appearance. Like our society, we believe we can continue to grow towards a more perfect union of our ideals and the reality in which we live,” and to strive together to reach higher ground.
The AANS/CNS Cerebrovascular Section, the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS) and the Society of Vascular & Interventional Neurology (SVIN) joined together to issue a statement acknowledging the difficult and disturbing times that the country is experiencing. These neurovascular organizations pointed out that “acts of violence and racism cause psychosocial stress that leads to poor well-being and cerebrovascular health, especially for communities of color. Given that heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death for communities of color, our organizations are extremely disturbed by violent acts that cut to the core of the lives in our communities. We denounce the incidents of racism and all violence that continue to ravage our communities.”
Beyond the neurosurgical community, leading national medical organizations also spoke out.
The American College of Surgeons stated that it “stands in solidarity against racism, violence, and intolerance, noting that its “mission is to serve all with skill and fidelity, and that extends beyond the operating room. Racism, brutal attacks, and subsequent violence must end. We will help any injured, and we will use our voice in support of the health and safety of every person.”
Leaders from the American Medical Association (AMA) reminded us that AMA policy “recognizes that physical or verbal violence between law enforcement officers and the public, particularly among Black and Brown communities where these incidents are more prevalent and pervasive, is a critical determinant of health and supports research into the public health consequences of these violent interactions.” The AMA continued, noting that the “disparate racial impact of police violence against Black and Brown people and their communities is insidiously viral-like in its frequency, and also deeply demoralizing… Just as the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color has put into stark relief health inequity in the U.S.”
Finally, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) pointed out that “the coronavirus pandemic has laid bare the racial health inequities harming our Black communities, exposing the structures, systems, and policies that create social and economic conditions that lead to health disparities, poor health outcomes, and lower life expectancy.” The AAMC statement goes on to address how the brutal and shocking deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery “have shaken our nation to its core and once again tragically demonstrated the everyday danger of being Black in America.” Issuing a call to action, the AAMC expresses that “as healers and educators of the next generation of physicians and scientists, the people of America’s medical schools and teaching hospitals bear the responsibility to ameliorate factors that negatively affect the health of our patients and communities: poverty, education, access to transportation, healthy food, and health care.”
The AANS and CNS echo this call to action and concur that we “must move from rhetoric to action to eliminate the inequities in our care, research, and education of tomorrow’s doctors.”
Editor’s Note: Neurosurgery Blog invites you to join the conversation for social change at #WhiteCoatsforBlackLives and #ChangeTheSystem.
John A. Wilson, MD, FAANS
President, American Association of Neurological Surgeons
David L. and Sally Kelly Professor and Vice-Chair of the
Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine
Steven N. Kalkanis, MD, FAANS
President, Congress of Neurological Surgeons
Chief Executive Officer, Henry Ford Medical Group
Detroit, Mich.
On the contrary, several researchers have indicated a decreased incidence of ischemic stroke across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. The drop in the rate of stroke presentations has been so dramatic that various medical societies and advocacy groups have issued statements urging patients not to delay stroke care out of fear of being exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. While this a plausible explanation for the decreased incidence of stroke during the height of the pandemic, we believe it may be too early to tell whether this is, in fact, the case.
Kimon Bekelis, MD
Clemens M. Schirmer, MD, PhD, FAANS, FAHA
Finally, stroke, large vessel occlusions and mechanical thrombectomy have become an area of interest amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence is emerging from epicenters of the crisis — like New York City — that patients, whether afflicted with COVID-19 or not, are seeking medical attention later in their stroke course due to fears regarding COVID-19. We expect many studies to be published in the ensuing months evaluating stroke and mechanical thrombectomy in COVID-19 patients. We are excited about what the future holds in cutting edge research to bring the best available care to stroke patients everywhere.
Justin R. Mascitelli, MD
Other Navy Reserve doctors and nurses are embedded into the New York City public city hospitals that have been decimated with COVID-19. Navy Reserve doctors and nurses are joining their civilian counterparts in treating COVID-19 patients in hospitals where they are most needed. Many are acting in new and expanded roles due to the dramatically increased ICU needs. The shortage does not call for additional neurosurgeons to perform neurosurgery but for additional coverage in overflowing ICUs. These are very sick patients, and neurosurgeons have a tremendous possibility to do some good within this structure. As our medical critical care colleagues take a pounding, neurosurgeons are very comfortable in the ICU, in treating critical patients, in dealing with mortality and in leading large health care teams to make pragmatic, direct and impactful decisions. Indeed, the 
It goes without saying that service in the Navy Reserve rests upon the service of others. Colleagues back home have taken additional emergency call, increased their workload and served the local community in similar ways. Even more so, spouses have to work overtime at home, especially those with small children and those juggling their own virtual careers. Multiple people have come together in numerous ways to serve the people of New York City. And, the welcome in New York City has been one of deep gratitude both inside and outside the hospital.
Initially, physical classes were canceled until late March, by which time any students who had traveled to a COVID-19 hotspot would have completed a 14-day quarantine. The plan was to resume regular classes and clinical experiences following this disruption. However, it became clear within a matter of weeks that this would be impossible. For the safety of students, faculty and patients, it was eventually decided that all physical classes and clinical experiences would be canceled for the foreseeable future. Students at all levels were placed in an uncertain position as it became increasingly clear that in-person learning would not be possible for the remainder of the year. This uncertainty fostered fear and anxiety among students — many of whom were also dealing with the stress regarding their safety and that of friends and family.
Stephen Susa
Life in neurosurgery changed in step with the sweeping changes across the medical community, necessitated by potential supply shortages and increased patient volume. As social distancing took effect, the coveted morning sign-out — the bedrock of day-to-day functioning of a busy neurosurgery service — was transitioned to video conferencing. Next was the cancellation of all elective cases, then semi-urgent cases, and eventually, in some hospitals, emergency cases could only be performed after chair/faculty committee approval. Clinic visits were canceled if deemed non-urgent or conducted as telemedicine visits to provide care while limiting disease spread. To protect residents from unnecessary exposure and maintain a reserve, call schedules were changed to limit the number of residents seeing consults at one time or available for cases. As these changes were implemented, unprecedented collaboration, flexibility and ingenuity was prevalent as everyone did their part to ensure care remained as safe and effective as possible.
Redi Rahmani, MD
Nathaniel R. Ellens, MD
Tyler M. Schmidt, DO
Then, for one-week, cases of COVID-19 filled the MICU. Shortly after that, our neurosurgical step-down — followed by the neurosurgical ICU — were rapidly converted into negative pressure rooms for COVID-19 patients. That same week, our hospital system placed a hold on all elective, non-emergent surgeries. By Friday, March 20, at a time when there were 
